Prevalence

In 2005, according to global estimates of WHO, there were about 3:
approximately 1.6 billion adults (aged over 15 years) and at least 20 million children under five are overweight (BMI> 25)
at least 400 million adults are obese (BMI> 30)

WHO estimates that by 2015, approximately 2.3 billion adults will be overweight and more than 700 million will be obèses3.

Previously overweight and obesity were considered as problems specific to high-income countries but increase dramatically in low and middle-income countries, mainly in urbain3.

Developed countries

Histogram comparing the percentage of obese people in the member countries of the OECD in 2000-2001.

Statistical Table: overweight and obesity in some countries 20054pays total population overweight obesity
United States 193 million (65.7%) 89.8 million (30.6%) 300 million
Mexico 64.8 million (62.3%) 25.1 million (24.2%) 104 million
United Kingdom 37 million (62%) 13.7 million (23%) 59.7 million
Australia 11.7 million (58.4%) 4.4 million (21.7%) 20.1 million
Slovak Republic 3.1 million (57.6%) 1.2 million (22.4%) 5.4 million
Greece 6.3 million (57.1%) 2.4 million (21.9%) 11 million
New Zealand 2.2 million (56.2%) 0.8 million (20.9%) 4 million
Canada 15.6 million (47.4%) 4.9 million (14.9%) 33 million
France 23.2 million (37.5%) 5.8 million (9.4%) 62 million

In France, in 1965, only 3% of school-age children were obese according to BMI and were 13.3% in 20005, 26% Canada6 and 16% in the Unis7. Childhood obesity is a major problem: acquired before 5 years, it persists into adulthood.

Evolution of the rate of obesity in some OECD countries

A study by the Regional Health and Social Affairs (DRASS) conducted in 2002 in the Paris region has refined this observation: 6.2% of students in a large section (4 to 5 years) enrolled in public schools were suffering from obesity level I and 3.3% of level II. 11.8% of children priority education networks (REP, poor), against 8.7% of the total population, suffer from obesity level I, 4.5% against 2.9% of level II .

InVS notes beginning in 2008 a stabilization of overweight in children, but one in six adults is still obèse8

According to a report by the International Association for the Study of Obesity (2007), 22.5% of Germans and 23.3% of Germans are obese, 75.4% men and 58.9% of women suffering ‘overweight in Germany, thereby placing them in first place in Europe occidentale9.
Consumption of calories per person per day (2000-2002) Rank Country Number 10
calories
1 United States 3 790
2 Portugal 3 750
3 Austria 3 740
4 Italy 3 690
5 Greece 3 690

Developing Countries

There are 115 million obese in developing countries, paradoxically in some of these countries, people suffering from obesity and other suffering from malnutrition coexist. This is partly explained by two phenomena of economic origin:
the fall in world sugar;
Oil production is an activity funded by the States in many countries.

Therefore, oil and sugar are the cheapest food, which facilitates access for these populations to the detriment of other products, which can lead to deficiencies in protein, vitamins, trace elements, etc. .

Mexico is the second country in the world for the obese in the population, just behind the United States. Obesity affects 30% of adults, or 44 million Mexicans, and 40% experienced a weight excessif11.

In 2002, China is experiencing a major obesity (2.6% of the population with a BMI greater than or equal to 30) and overweight in general (14.7% of the population with a BMI greater than or equal to 25), which affects approximately 215 million Chinese. The problem is mainly present in young (between 7 and 18) where he experienced a sharp increase of around 28 times between 1985 and 2000, mainly among boys. The causes are similar to those of Western countries 12. The figures for 2008 confirm the strong increase in obesity in China: 90 million Chinese are obese and 200 million overweight pondérale13. Now a quarter of adults are overweight or obese in 2008, compared to only 8.8% in 198914.15.

In the poorest countries, obesity is socially valued. For example, in Mauritania, girls of marriageable age are fattened to be more attractive and to maximize their chances of finding a spouse. Unlike developed countries, it affects people off, it is therefore a sign of success and richesse16.

Causes

The physiological process

Obesity often results from an imbalance between:
daily energy intake (or AET: total energy, sum of calories17) made by food:
carbohydrates (sugars slow or rapid, glycemic index higher or lower): sucrose, glucose, fructose, etc.. ;
lipids (fats) found in vegetable oils and animal fats in particular;
and proteins, vegetable (seaweed, lentils, for example) or animals (meat, fish).
and the sum of energy expenditure:
heat exchange with the environment (temperature), even more important than the outside temperature is low;
energy necessary for the functioning of the body (eg digestion).. The brain alone consumes about 20% of total energy;
physical exertion: walking, sports, physical activities of any kind.

When the organization receives more than it spends, it stores a part of the contribution, in the form of fat in adipose tissue. However, the metabolism, very different depending on the individual plays an important role, and some people will more easily become obese than others (including genetic factors).

List of Cases

Obesity is multifactorial, involving genetic and physiological dimension (hereditary). But lexplosion in the number of obese people is mainly attributed to several factors related to lifestyle:

Causes food
For the first time in human history, a large proportion of humans to eat adequately or overeat or eat without taking into account their needs (eg eating too fast, which makes not to feel satiety, and then interrupt the meal). Before we met regularly episodes of food shortages and famines.
Many foods are available, 7 days on 7 and 24 of 24, regardless of meals, which can promote a snack food with high calorie loads. The whittling away the most common is undoubtedly the one based on fat and sugar products (sweets, crisps ,…). These products are generally rich in simple carbohydrates and lipids. While energy intakes are largely met by these products, the sensation of satiety is not obtained. Finally, when you eat the same food (which was traditionally the case), satiety (loss of desire to eat) indicates that there is a sufficient energy intake, when food consumption is unusual, this information is distorted.
The food industry has transformed numbers of foods that have had their glycemic index increase the usefulness and distorting calories: calories provided by proteins are not the same level overall, than those provided by carbohydrates. Result: lots of “light”, not fat but very low in protein and loaded with sweeteners.
Refining and the presence of sweetness in these new foods creates a real “drug addiction”, which over the years, leads to suffering physiochemical obese when the body is private.
The criticism is also the role of television, both by physical inactivity leads to the audience and the effect of advertising for food products often fat and sugar. Regarding the influence of advertising, a group of scientists responsible for french nutrition issues stated in 2008, in a forum entitled “fatten the children to save the television 18, and referring to” recent reports “:” There are even a link between high exposure to television advertising and obesity in children aged 2 to 11 years and adolescents aged 12 to 18. Exposure to television advertising on food of high energy density (including sweet bold) is associated with a higher prevalence of obesity. ”
Contemporary societies are a source of stress. Many individuals may feel a moral vacuum in them, they compensate with food. (See bulimia).

Regarding food, the amount of sugar consumed is not the only criterion, the quality (glycemic index, complete versus refined sugar) plays a lot, so the fat is not the only criterion, their quality also plays an important role: the oil first cold pressing are eg much more favorable than refined oils (extracted heat, which eliminates much of the positive contributions, including anti-oxidants, and / or solvents ) and more favorable than the saturated fats.

The types of lipids in food are as follows, with the following properties for the body:
sterol:
cholesterol (2 / 3 produced by the liver): the cholesterol provided by food is generally not harmful. However, the excessive (or too low) by the liver from fat consumed, increases cardiovascular risks. In blood tests, one must also distinguish between “good” cholesterol (HDL) and “bad” (LDL), only involved in cardiovascular disease. It is the ratio between the two to watch, rather than total cholesterol.
phytosterols (oils, cocoa, fruits, vegetables): regulation of cholesterol levels, anti-inflammatory properties, reducing the risk of cancer and prostate hyperplasia, strengthening the immune system, increase the rate of DHEA.
Tocopherols:
alpha (Vitamin E), beta, gamma, delta oils (except coconut and palm): antioxidants, lower cardiovascular risk and cancer.
sphingolipids and phospholipids (egg, soy, wheat germ): useful to the brain (neurons) and cell membranes.
fatty acids:
saturated (meat, butter, cream, corn oil …): increased cardiovascular risk (CV), the doses consumed by the majority in most developed countries. The food industry often prefers fat alternative to butter, but they are worse by trans unsaturated they contain:
“Trans unsaturated (refined oils, fried chips and industrial frying, without butter pastry, bakery supermarket solid margarines, biscuits, aperitif, crackers, pastries industrial bread, quiches, pies and pasta pie industrial , breaded products, spreads, sauces, salad dressings, mayonnaise industrial fat beef, mutton, dairy products): Increase high risk CV 19: increase bad cholesterol (like butter) but also lower bon20.
“Mono unsaturated (cis), whose Ω9: (Olive oil, vegetable oils, fat duck, goose, chocolate): CV Risk Reduction
poly-unsaturated Omega-3 (walnut oil, soybean, rapeseed, flax, currants, cassis, olive, oily fish, crustacean): CV risk reduction, but excess cardiovascular disorders and immune system. The Ω3 require Ω6 enough to be assimilated, but the doses of Ω3 consumed in developed countries are (much) too low compared to Ω6.
poly-unsaturated omega-6 oil (grapeseed, sunflower, nuts, corn, soybean, canola, olive, poultry fat): CV risk reduction, but excess cardiovascular disorders and immune system. Obesity is observed in infants or fetuses, without blame or nibbling no exercise. The food, too rich in Ω6, mother is in question, and even the composition of milk powder, modeled on the milk of mothers consuming too much Ω6. (Gérard Ailhaud studies [1, pp14-16]).

Regimes: they can sometimes paradoxically promote obesity. Indeed, bad diets (low in protein and too restrictive) promote the loss of muscle mass, which is directly linked to metabolism. After these bad regimes, there is slowing of metabolism and accelerated recovery of weight. These are bad diets deficient, mainly protein.

Shortcomings of calorie expenditure
The sedentary lifestyle is an important factor was the sharp reduction in physical activity due to the development of transport (car, public transport services ,…), new technologies (remote controls, television, computers, lifts, … ) does not balance the energy balance. The food abundance does not necessarily cause an increase in energy intake would explain the pandemic of obesity. It was found at present a lower daily energy intake which is still higher than the daily energy expenditure [Ref. necessary]. It is the latter that remains a factor in obesity.
Assisted thermoregulation: the new technology has allowed the introduction of air conditioning, heating facilitate the stabilization of body temperature. The body does not fight against variations in temperature which does not require significant energy.

Physiological
Many hormonal factors influencing the regulation of weight (weight regulation is a physiological mechanism still largely unknown). Thus, the events of life genital (puberty, pregnancy, childbirth, menopause) have a significant influence over the rate changes and sex hormones on thyroid weight. You can also attach to these factors the first hormonal contraceptive that frequently take a few kilos.
Iatrogenic factors (see iatrogénèse) are well known: in addition to contraception (oral, injectable, device or intradermal), include psychotropic treatment:
neuroleptics
antidepressants (especially older ones, especially tricyclics)
some painkillers and anti neurotropic
Intestinal flora: The microbiota plays a poorly understood role in digestion and calories taken from food: In the laboratory, mice with normal intestinal bacteria present – to food is – a rate of fat greater than those in high condition and sanitized therefore devoid of intestinal bacteria, including a low-calorie. And transplantation of normal intestinal bacteria in mice that were lacking them grow by 60% in two weeks with no increase in intake of food or observable change in behavior. The obese mouse droppings contain less than the final products of fermentation and fewer calories21.

Hereditary factors

Among the factors, the role of heredity is better known.
Genes responsible have been identified, involved in the production by adipocytes of leptin, a protein acting on the central nervous system on the control of appetite and energy expenditure.
It was also noted the influence of lifestyles on genetic factors. Our body has been used for millennia to cope with the shortage, and natural selection has tended to favor those who are able to store in times of plenty to cope with periods of scarcity. Paradoxically it is these people who are least adapted to a regular abundance. Also, with the same food and even physical practice, the mass varies among individuals (depending on metabolism).
A mutation in the FTO gene significantly increase the risk, and as this mutation is homozygous (ie, present on both chromosomes) 22.

Other causes
The smoking cessation would lead to a weight gain of a few kilos in relation to the metabolic action of nicotine. This effect, known to the public, appears also as a brake – in particular women – the decision to quit.
Cultural factors: In Mauritania, obesity is a canon of female beauty sung by the poets: the girls are “spoonfeeding” from an early âge23.

References:

    Sugar Content in Milk

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